ב. הזירה העיצובית
At the time of formation of IDEO, in 1991, design profession was undergoing developments, influenced by a number of factors which took place throughout the 1970s, and 1980s. Postmodern theory is one major factor, that started to influence design. Computers and the new technological advances played an unparalleled role in forming new design aesthetics, attitudes and practices. At the same time design has started to occupy a new place in society and culture, becoming more interconnected with marketing, services, and art.
The 1960s included two main antithetic design movements. In the early 1960s it was all about functionalism, technology, science, and methods of production. Designers thought of themselves more as engineers; their work was angular, less imaginative; mass production and man-made materials were glamorized. Towards the end of 1960s the rationalism of modern design came under attacks and the role of design in capitalistic society started to be questioned. Along with the anti-establishment movements (which were possibly precursors of postmodernism) in the later 1960s, pop culture emerged in Great Britain as a youth rebellion against aesthetic norms and the conventional lifestyle. This new culture influenced art and design.
The society throughout the late 1970s and 1980s was characterized by new broad spectrum of tastes, which created an environment marked by a wide range of lifestyles. These changes made the previous norms of functionalism, with it's simple divisions into "good" and "bad", simply not appropriate. This new social phenomenon of pluralism, characterized by complicated sociological structures in modern industrial countries, changed the view of functions that objects perform in our lives. The new postmodern theory, which emerged, rebelled against the colorless rational forms of modernism with the use of historical citations, individuality, and colorfulness. Postmodern design was comprised of different characteristics, including independence of form from function, colorful and sign-like shaping of surfaces, reinterpretation of an object's appearance in relation to it's use, and combination of historical elements. Postmodern designers combined different styles and materials with ease - like rich ornamentation with minimalism, and rich materials with plastic.
As the 1990s approached, technological advances played an ever-expanding role in design profession. New consumer goods and new functions created design tasks that had to react to new areas and patterns of use. The expression "high tech" became a stylistic term to describe new appearance of objects and architecture. Due to the developments in the field of microelectronics, many devices have become smaller. The best example of this is the computer. These developments have also changed the nature of designing on another level - with the new computer design programs, design process have become much faster, more accurate, flexible, and opened up new possibilities - like product simulation, and easy data modification.
Throughout the 1980s and into the 1990s, the role and value of design had expanded. In the corporate world, it became a means of marketing. Since most consumer goods in the same price range were on the same level of technical maturity, the only way for companies to distinguish their products was by means of design. Design companies also expanded their fields of expertise, and became more multidisciplinary. For example, many companies started to offer a complete service that stretches beyond the product itself to the design of the organizational structures of a company. In the cultural realm, the value of design also changed, as it became more intertwined with other disciplines such as art and industry. Design has become a justified part of culture among the general public, being exhibited in museums, and discussed in numerous publications.
The 1960s included two main antithetic design movements. In the early 1960s it was all about functionalism, technology, science, and methods of production. Designers thought of themselves more as engineers; their work was angular, less imaginative; mass production and man-made materials were glamorized. Towards the end of 1960s the rationalism of modern design came under attacks and the role of design in capitalistic society started to be questioned. Along with the anti-establishment movements (which were possibly precursors of postmodernism) in the later 1960s, pop culture emerged in Great Britain as a youth rebellion against aesthetic norms and the conventional lifestyle. This new culture influenced art and design.
The society throughout the late 1970s and 1980s was characterized by new broad spectrum of tastes, which created an environment marked by a wide range of lifestyles. These changes made the previous norms of functionalism, with it's simple divisions into "good" and "bad", simply not appropriate. This new social phenomenon of pluralism, characterized by complicated sociological structures in modern industrial countries, changed the view of functions that objects perform in our lives. The new postmodern theory, which emerged, rebelled against the colorless rational forms of modernism with the use of historical citations, individuality, and colorfulness. Postmodern design was comprised of different characteristics, including independence of form from function, colorful and sign-like shaping of surfaces, reinterpretation of an object's appearance in relation to it's use, and combination of historical elements. Postmodern designers combined different styles and materials with ease - like rich ornamentation with minimalism, and rich materials with plastic.
As the 1990s approached, technological advances played an ever-expanding role in design profession. New consumer goods and new functions created design tasks that had to react to new areas and patterns of use. The expression "high tech" became a stylistic term to describe new appearance of objects and architecture. Due to the developments in the field of microelectronics, many devices have become smaller. The best example of this is the computer. These developments have also changed the nature of designing on another level - with the new computer design programs, design process have become much faster, more accurate, flexible, and opened up new possibilities - like product simulation, and easy data modification.
Throughout the 1980s and into the 1990s, the role and value of design had expanded. In the corporate world, it became a means of marketing. Since most consumer goods in the same price range were on the same level of technical maturity, the only way for companies to distinguish their products was by means of design. Design companies also expanded their fields of expertise, and became more multidisciplinary. For example, many companies started to offer a complete service that stretches beyond the product itself to the design of the organizational structures of a company. In the cultural realm, the value of design also changed, as it became more intertwined with other disciplines such as art and industry. Design has become a justified part of culture among the general public, being exhibited in museums, and discussed in numerous publications.
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