א. רקע הסטורי
IDEO was formed in San Francisco in the 1991 as a merger of three established firms - David Kelley Design, ID Two, and Matrix Product Design. But the firm's story started two decades prior, in London, when ID Two's founder Bill Moggridge founded Moggridge Associates, an industrial design firm, in 1969. So IDEO’s initial progress was probably influenced by a number of historical developments and events that took place between 1960s and 1990s, specifically in the United States and the United Kingdom.
1960s have become synonymous with new, radical trends of the period. In the United Kingdom, 1960s were marked politically by rapid decolonization to avoid wars with colonies seeking independence. Several western governments, including the United States and Great Britain, turned left in the early part of the decade. Socially, the younger generation was seeking ways to rebel against the conservative norms of the 1950s. Throughout the western world, the new counter-culture turned into a social revolution. Towards the end of the decade, a mass anti-war movement began in opposition to the Vietnam War. 1960s was also a decade of unparalleled technological advances. The space race between Soviet Union and the United States led to an increase in spending on science, and technology. Technological developments of 1960s include: first human spaceflight to orbit the earth, first humans to walk on the moon, first computer game, first programming language BASIC, first heart transplantation. 1968 was the year of the first public demonstration of the computer mouse, the paper paradigm Graphical user interface, video conferencing, teleconferencing, email, and hypertext. Bill Moggridge opened his industrial design firm, Moggridge Associates, the following year.
1970s saw a transition to globalization, and an increasing interdependence of economies. One of the main features of the 1970s was the oil shock of 1973. It has had an effect on economies worldwide. This was probably the worst decade of Western and American economic performance since the Great Depression, in America partly due to the funding of the Vietnam war. Inflation and unemployment steadily increased - a phenomenon known as "stagflation", and this led to the emergence of neoliberal economic theory, with the first neoliberal government being created under Margaret Thatcher and the Conservative Party in the United Kingdom in 1979. The new political and economic philosophy emphasized reduced state intervention, more free markets, and more entrepreneurship. The 1970s saw the birth of modern computing - the development of the world's first general microprocessor, the C programming language, elementary personal computers, pocket calculators, the first supercomputer, and consumer video games. In this atmosphere, in 1978, David Kelley finished Product Design Program at Stanford and starts his own firm Hovey-Kelley Design (later David Kelley Design) in Palo Alto, California.
Some of the relevant characteristics of the 1980s include the economic upheaval and liberalization in the western world, the return of the right-wing politics and advancement of neoliberalism, tremendous population growth around the world, religion, patriotism, and materialism making a comeback. Major reforms take place in the government of Soviet Union under Mikhail Gorbachev, and the hardest anti-communist policies in the United States under Ronald Reagan, which eventually led to the collapse of the Soviet Union, and the end of Cold War in 1991. In the world of computers - there was a rapid growth in video game technology, and home computers became very popular, used mostly for gaming. During this decade the three founders of IDEO were actively working in California, with their most notable projects in the world of computer technologies. The formation of IDEO in 1991 falls at the start of a new period, marked by the widespread use of personal computers, the internet, and the increased economic productivity, all of which led to market booms around the world, and the flow of wealth to the United States, Europe, and Asia.
1960s have become synonymous with new, radical trends of the period. In the United Kingdom, 1960s were marked politically by rapid decolonization to avoid wars with colonies seeking independence. Several western governments, including the United States and Great Britain, turned left in the early part of the decade. Socially, the younger generation was seeking ways to rebel against the conservative norms of the 1950s. Throughout the western world, the new counter-culture turned into a social revolution. Towards the end of the decade, a mass anti-war movement began in opposition to the Vietnam War. 1960s was also a decade of unparalleled technological advances. The space race between Soviet Union and the United States led to an increase in spending on science, and technology. Technological developments of 1960s include: first human spaceflight to orbit the earth, first humans to walk on the moon, first computer game, first programming language BASIC, first heart transplantation. 1968 was the year of the first public demonstration of the computer mouse, the paper paradigm Graphical user interface, video conferencing, teleconferencing, email, and hypertext. Bill Moggridge opened his industrial design firm, Moggridge Associates, the following year.
1970s saw a transition to globalization, and an increasing interdependence of economies. One of the main features of the 1970s was the oil shock of 1973. It has had an effect on economies worldwide. This was probably the worst decade of Western and American economic performance since the Great Depression, in America partly due to the funding of the Vietnam war. Inflation and unemployment steadily increased - a phenomenon known as "stagflation", and this led to the emergence of neoliberal economic theory, with the first neoliberal government being created under Margaret Thatcher and the Conservative Party in the United Kingdom in 1979. The new political and economic philosophy emphasized reduced state intervention, more free markets, and more entrepreneurship. The 1970s saw the birth of modern computing - the development of the world's first general microprocessor, the C programming language, elementary personal computers, pocket calculators, the first supercomputer, and consumer video games. In this atmosphere, in 1978, David Kelley finished Product Design Program at Stanford and starts his own firm Hovey-Kelley Design (later David Kelley Design) in Palo Alto, California.
Some of the relevant characteristics of the 1980s include the economic upheaval and liberalization in the western world, the return of the right-wing politics and advancement of neoliberalism, tremendous population growth around the world, religion, patriotism, and materialism making a comeback. Major reforms take place in the government of Soviet Union under Mikhail Gorbachev, and the hardest anti-communist policies in the United States under Ronald Reagan, which eventually led to the collapse of the Soviet Union, and the end of Cold War in 1991. In the world of computers - there was a rapid growth in video game technology, and home computers became very popular, used mostly for gaming. During this decade the three founders of IDEO were actively working in California, with their most notable projects in the world of computer technologies. The formation of IDEO in 1991 falls at the start of a new period, marked by the widespread use of personal computers, the internet, and the increased economic productivity, all of which led to market booms around the world, and the flow of wealth to the United States, Europe, and Asia.
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